Note: Exact specifications may vary depending on the manufacturer and specific application requirements. Always consult with the battery cell manufacturer for their precise specifications. --- ## 1. General Material Properties - **Material Type:** - Natural Graphite: Sourced from high-quality veins - Synthetic Graphite: Processed from petroleum coke or other carbon sources - **Carbon Content (Purity):** - Natural Graphite: >99.95% - Synthetic Graphite: >99.98% - **Moisture Content:** <0.02% - **Ash Content:** <0.05% - **Volatile Matter:** <0.10% - **pH Value:** 6.8 - 7.2 - **Surface Morphology:** Spherical, smooth surface with low defect density - **Crystal Structure:** Highly crystalline, hexagonal - **Appearance:** Gray to black spherical particles ## 2. Particle Size Distribution - **Particle Size Uniformity:** Tight control within ±2 µm of target size - **Available Size Categories:** | Size Category | D10 (µm) | D50 (µm) | D90 (µm) | |---------------|----------|----------|----------| | Fine | 5 - 7 | 10 - 12 | 18 - 20 | | Small | 7 - 9 | 13 - 16 | 20 - 25 | | Medium | 9 - 12 | 16 - 19 | 25 - 30 | | Large | 12 - 15 | 19 - 22 | 30 - 35 | | Extra Large | 15 - 18 | 22 - 25 | 35 - 40 | **Note:** D10, D50, and D90 represent the diameter at which 10%, 50%, and 90% of the particles are smaller than the stated size, respectively. ## 3. Electrochemical Performance - **First Cycle Coulombic Efficiency:** ≥93% - **Reversible Capacity:** 360 - 370 mAh/g - **First Cycle Irreversible Loss:** ≤7% - **Cycling Stability:** - Capacity Retention after 500 Cycles: ≥95% - **Rate Capability:** - 1C: 360 mAh/g - 5C: 340 mAh/g - 10C: 320 mAh/g ## 4. Physical Properties - **BET Surface Area:** 1.5 - 3.5 m²/g - **Tap Density:** 1.5 - 1.9 g/cm³ - **Compaction Density:** 2.0 - 2.2 g/cm³ - **True Density:** 2.2 - 2.3 g/cm³ - **Porosity:** <2% - **Hardness:** 7 - 9 Mohs ## 5. Thermal and Electrical Properties - **Thermal Conductivity:** 150 - 200 W/mK at room temperature - **Electrical Conductivity:** ≥10 S/cm (100,000 S/m) - **Thermal Expansion Coefficient:** 4.5 × 10⁻⁶ /°C - **Decomposition Temperature:** >600°C in inert atmosphere - **Heat Capacity:** 0.71 J/g°C - **Oxidation Resistance:** High thermal stability, negligible weight loss up to 400°C in air ## 6. Structural Properties - **Crystallite Size (La):** ≥45 nm - **Disorder (ID/IG Ratio in Raman Spectroscopy):** <0.05 - **XRD Analysis:** Well-defined peaks at 26.5° and 54.7° indicating high crystallinity ## 7. Chemical Impurities (ppm max) | Element | Maximum Allowed (ppm) | |-----------------|-----------------------| | Fe (Iron) | 8 | | Si (Silicon) | 3 | | Al (Aluminum) | 3 | | Cu (Copper) | 2 | | S (Sulfur) | 1 | | Cl (Chlorine) | 0.5 | | Ca (Calcium) | 2 | | Mg (Magnesium) | 1 | | Ni (Nickel) | 10 | | Cr (Chromium) | 5 | ## 8. Vapor Coating Process Specifications - **Coating Method:** Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) - **Reactor Type:** Fluidized bed reactor - **Temperature Range:** 900°C - 1100°C - **Pressure:** Slightly above atmospheric (1.1 - 1.2 atm) - **Gas Composition:** - Carbon source: Methane (CH₄) or Ethylene (C₂H₄) - Carrier gas: Argon or Nitrogen - **Gas Flow Rates:** - Carbon source: 10 - 50 sccm - Carrier gas: 500 - 1000 sccm - **Coating Time:** 2 - 4 hours (depending on desired thickness) - **Coating Thickness:** 5 - 20 nm ### 8.1 Coating Quality Control - In-situ monitoring of gas composition - Real-time temperature and pressure logging - Post-process SEM analysis for coating uniformity - Raman spectroscopy for coating quality assessment - TEM analysis for precise coating thickness measurement ### 8.2 Coated Material Performance Requirements - Improvement in first cycle efficiency: ≥2% over uncoated material - Improvement in capacity retention: ≥3% over uncoated material after 100 cycles ## 9. Environmental and Safety Considerations - **RoHS Compliance:** Yes - **REACH Registration:** Yes - **Heavy Metal Content:** Below detection limits for Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr(VI) - **Flammability:** Non-flammable under standard conditions - **Coating Process Safety:** - Reactor pressure relief system - Inert gas purging before and after coating - Gas detectors for leak detection - Emergency shutdown protocols - **Environmental Controls:** - Gas scrubbing system for exhaust - Recycling of unreacted precursor gases ## 10. Packaging and Storage - **Standard Packaging Options:** - 25 kg Drums: Polyethylene-lined, fiber or metal drums with moisture-proof seals - 50 kg Bags: Woven polypropylene bags with double-layer polyethylene inner lining - **Custom Packaging:** Available upon request, including anti-static or vacuum-sealed bags - **Labeling:** Includes batch number, material grade, purity, coating specifications, and safety information - **Storage Conditions:** - Store in a cool, dry environment, protected from moisture - Recommended storage temperature: 15°C - 25°C - Shelf Life: 2 years from date of manufacture if stored properly ## 11. Quality Assurance and Testing - **Testing Standards:** ASTM, ISO, and relevant industry-specific standards - **Batch Certification:** Each batch is tested and certified for compliance with specifications - **Lot Traceability:** Full traceability from raw material to finished product - **Sampling:** Random sampling per batch, with testing for particle size, purity, coating quality, and electrochemical performance - **Coating Process Monitoring:** Continuous monitoring of coating parameters with real-time data logging ## 12. Primary Applications - Lithium-ion Battery Anodes for: - Electric Vehicles (EV) - Consumer Electronics - Energy Storage Systems (ESS) - Other Applications: High-power energy tools, grid storage solutions, and hybrid vehicles <hr/> <!-- Your main content goes here --> <div class="footer"> Carbonatik © 2024 </div>